Net Present Value and Free Cash Flow Essay example

1. Given the proposed financing plan, describe your approach (qualitatively) to value AirThread. Should Ms. Zhang use WACC, APV or some combination thereof? Explain. (2 points) * From the statement of AirThread case, we know that American Cable Communication want to raise capital by Leveraged Buyout (LBO) approach. This means ACC will finance money though equity and debt to buy AirThread and pay the debt by the cash flows or assets of AirThread. * In another word, it’s a highly levered transaction using a fixed WACC discount rate; however the leverage is changing in fact. * If we want to use WACC method, one assumption must be met: this program will not change the debt-equity ratio of AirThread. Under LBO approach, it’s†¦show more content†¦* Jennifer decided to use Bianco’s recommendation, a 5% equity market risk premium (=5%) * Interest rate had a 125bp spread over the current yield on 10-year US Treasury bonds (=4.25%). * By CAPM, we can get (8.3277% ). We can calculate the each of different companies and get the average value. Or we can use CAPM once from average =0.8155. These two results are equivalent. * We already know the new is the interest rate of debt (5.5%). We use the average industry level (40.1%) as ATC’s D/E ratio like discussed in case page 7. By, we can get the new (9.46%). * By, we can calculate the new WACC is 7.7%. Ms. Zhang should us the new WACC to the terminal value * She is considering the cash flow paid to all the equity or debt holders. So she cannot use the equity cost of capital. 3. Compute the unlevered free cash flow and the interest tax shields from 2008 to 2012 based on estimates provided in Exhibit 1 and Exhibit 6. (3 points) Unlevered Free Cash Flow Chart 2 Free cash flow is calculated as: EBITÃâ€"1-t+Depreciationamp;Amortization Expense-Increase In NWC-Capital Expenditure * First, we calculate the Net Operating Profit after Tax, which is equals to EBITÃâ€"1-t. * Second, we use the working capital assumptions to calculate the net working capital: The formulas are: Account Receivable=Total RevenueÃâ€"41.67360 Days Sales Equip. Rev. =EquipmentÃâ€"154.36360 Prepaid Expenses= (System OperatingShow MoreRelatedFin/370 Caledonia Products Essay examples786 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization analysis will focus on free cash flows, projection of cash flows, projects initial outlay, cash flow diagram, net present value, internal rate of return, and if the project should be accepted. Why focus on project free cash flows Team B believes that Caledonia should focus on the project’s free cash flows and not the accounting profits. Evidence exists that the accounting profits will be earned by the project because there is a positive cash flow to the shareholders. With any investmentRead MoreCaledonia Project939 Words   |  4 Pagesfocus on project free cash flows as opposed to the accounting profits earned by the project when analyzing whether to undertake the project? Caledonia should focus on cash flows, because free cash flows can be reinvested when received, unlike accounting profits which are shown when earned, and not at the time cash is received. The company should focus on incremental after-tax cash flows. This enables it to analyze the profits or losses after comparing cash flows with or without theRead MoreCaledonia Products Integrative Problem1529 Words   |  7 Pagesinvolves both the calculation of the cash flows associated with a new investment and the evaluation of several mutually exclusive projects. The company is currently in the 34% tax bracket with a 15% discount rate because this project is considered a fad project it will only last five years then it will be terminated. This paper will focus on free cash flows, projection of cash flows during years 1-5, projects initial outlay, cash flow diagram, net present value, internal rate of return, and if theRead MoreAirthread Connections1019 Words   |  5 PagesCapital) - When we are supposed to value AirThread Connections with the WACC valuation method we will have to use the following steps: * Determine the unlevered free cash flows of the investment. * Compute the weighted average cost of capital with the following formula: * Compute the value with leverage, VL, by discounting the free cash flows of the investment using the WACC. APV (Adjusted Present Value) – This method involves determining the value of a levered investment using theRead MoreDiscounted Cash Flow (Dcf) Analysis1394 Words   |  6 Pages***************************** Table of contents SECTION 1: OVERVIEW DCF in theory and in practice Unlevered vs. levered DCF SECTION 2: MODELING THE DCF Modeling unlevered free cash flows Discounting to reflect stub year and mid-year adjustment Terminal value using growth in perpetuity approach Terminal value using exit multiple approach Calculating net debt Shares outstanding using the treasury stock method Modeling the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) Sensitivity analysis using data tables Modeling synergies Read MoreOcean Carriers829 Words   |  4 Pagesand Analysis We have carefully reviewed and analyzed the proposal for Ocean Carriers to lease a ship for a three-year period, beginning in early 2003. Our extensive analysis included considering the cash flows over the lifetime of this investment. We concluded that based on the expected future cash flows of this project the opportunity to take on the contract would not be advantageous for Ocean Carriers. We first considered the future expectations of the spot and daily hire rates. These rates areRead MoreCalaveras Vinesyard Case876 Words   |  4 Pagesthe adjusted present value method to come up with the value of the company. With this method, I assume that the whole firm is financed only through equity. Therefore, when calculating the free cash flow, debt was not taken into account. Despite that, the net present value of interest shields is added back to compensate the debt in the capital structure. With this method, the company is valued at $9.62 million. In order to assess Calaveras’ value, I calculated the free cash flow from 1994 to 1998Read MoreCaledonia Products Integrative Problem1039 Words   |  5 Pages Daneene Barton Caledonia Products is determining a new business proposal. The organization is planning a free cash flow investment and evaluating a project to determine the net present value of the business proposal. In the project financial analyst from Caledonia Products will consider the net value versus the internal rate of return. The research will determine if the organization will become profitable over the duration of five years. Research willRead MoreCapital Valuation Paper1634 Words   |  7 Pagesmarket value is often different from book value because the market takes into account future growth potential.† This paper will show 6 different valuation models showing the market price of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.’s debt, if any, and equity. Along with the models this paper will show calculations to support these findings, including those involving rates of return. Finally, Team D will defend which valuation model best supports their findings. FCF Valuation Berkshire Hathaway’s free cash flow accordingRead MoreCaledonia Problem1126 Words   |  5 PagesWhy should Caledonia focus on project free cash flows as opposed to the accounting profits earned by the project when analyzing whether to undertake the project? It is important that Caledonia Company should focus on the free cash flows instead of the accounting profits. With the free cash flows that the company receives they can reinvest. To accurately analyze the timing of the benefit or cost we can examine the cash flows. The only cash flows that the company should be interested

Should Abortion Be Legal - 1522 Words

When one hears the word ‘abortion’ a lot of emotions and mixed feelings come to mind. Abortion has been and always will be a topic of heated debate. Whether one is ‘pro-choice’ or ‘pro-life’ can depend on many different factors. One’s upbringing and religious views play a major role when it comes to supporting abortion or not. There are many reasons that a woman could be getting an abortion therefore people should not be quick to judge. If a woman feels like her life or the child’s life will not be suitable for survival, then she should be respected for her decision. A woman is responsible for her own body and the actions that occur to her own body. Therefore, abortion should be solely a woman’s choice. A person can chose to get an†¦show more content†¦I believe that all the reasons above are just reasons one would get an abortion. If one cannot afford a child and does not have enough time to give the child enough love and attention, a child should not be brought into that type of environment in the first place. These reasons should be taken into consideration when one is judging another about their decision to get an abortion. Another argument that is brought up a lot is that if a woman makes the decision to participate in sexual intercourse then she should pay the consequences that could possibly arise from it. Sex is a completely normal act of nature that no one should be punished by. Although there are many precautions one can take to avoid problems such as an unexpected pregnancy, accidents happen and no one is ever one hundred percent protected. Abortion is a last resort for those not prepared or suitable to raise a child. Certain people may argue that everyone has a ‘right to life’ but when it comes to determining what is considered a human it is difficult because there are many factors to ponder. The right to life concept is one I strongly agree with, however I do not bel ieve that a newly conceived fetus is considered a human. â€Å"Thus it is clear that that even though a seven- or eight month fetus has features which make it apt to arouse†¦ Nevertheless it seems safe to say that is not fully conscious, in the way that an infant of a few months is, and that it can not reason, or communicate†¦ does not engage in

Vygotskys Social Development Theory Education Essay Free Essays

The following attack examined was category administration, as students were grouped by ability. The ‘Red ‘ group reflected higher ability, this included Child X, ‘Yellow ‘ , in-between ability and ‘Green ‘ , lower ability. All were taught stuff with similar academic content but at a gait and deepness that reflected the varying abilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Vygotskys Social Development Theory Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This distinction allowed to react to the cognitive difference of where the pupil was, to where the pupil needed to be, a construct which chiefly derived from Vygotsky ‘s Social Development Theory ( Vygotsky 1962, citied in Daniels, 2005 p127 ) . To put this theory in school context, the instructor would try to embrace the spread between the kid ‘s current degree of accomplishment and comparison against the developmental result when supported by an grownup. For illustration, during a phonics session, the green group were given a undertaking related to the ‘ch ‘ sound, whereas Child X and the ruddy group were given this, in add-on to the ‘ture ‘ sound. This undertaking alteration model accommodated and extended the higher ability degrees, leting this to be an effectual pedagogical method in maximizing the acquisition procedure. This process has been found to assist pupils go focussed as independent scholars, as the course of study has been tailored to single rational demands, instead than a one-size tantrums all attack ( Carolan and Guinn p44, 2007 ) . On the other manus, the school ‘s assorted ability process can besides impede run intoing the kid ‘s rational demands. For illustration, in a maths session, the figure bond work sheets provided to the green and xanthous groups concentrated on basic accomplishments and repeat which meant cognitive demands were low and did non stretch middle-ability students. The above activities allowed few chances for treatment and did non advance analysis or creativeness. An article by Jessica Shepard, ( The Guardian online, 2012 ) even suggested that this signifier of grouping â€Å" exacerbates unfairnesss † with Kate Aspin from the TES Online Magazine ( 2010 ) besides adding that efficaciously seting distinction into pattern may be one of the greatest challenges in the NQT twelvemonth. Despite the latter remark, which is of personal relevancy as a possible Newly Qualified Teacher, this school ‘s method did inform that to force all kids to command of content, they need to be pushed at different rates, based on single strengths. However, for those who did happen the activities disputing, peer support was offered. For illustration, with the phonics undertaking, Child X had completed her activity, she sat with the EAL kid and explained the undertaking utilizing her personal methods. She made certain her spouse was remaining on-task, enjoyed more duties and the EAL kid was bettering academically. This pattern is supported through Rose ( 2010, p257 ) , who suggested it was good to redistribute accomplishments and abilities and partner offing high-performing students with those fighting in category. Associating back to Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs ( 1970 ) , every bit good as physiological, safety and self-esteem demands, societal demands had to be met. This method allowed kids to do friends and improved societal accomplishments, which are imperative before self-actualization can be achieved. Evidence besides suggests that vulnerable kids and benefit most from engagement ( Farrell, 2000 ) . Hence in this co ntext, the chance to be a equal protagonist besides allowed to advance inclusion. For future mention, it appears peer support methods would be an effectual educational technique to turn to holistic demands through instruction, mediation and hearing. The school besides offered many extracurricular commissariats such as art, ICT accomplishments, football and badminton. Child X was portion of the badminton squad and there were presently treatments sing coaction with partnership schools through the community Successful Holistic Innovative Nurturing Education ( SHINE ) Scheme. This scheme gave School A the inducements needed to work in partnership with other schools, to enable every student ‘s endowments to be developed within the local community. Child X was excited to non merely vie against other schools, but besides had friends within them. This strategy initiated several characteristics that are straight linked to positive kid development. These included, regular engagement agendas, accent on accomplishment development, and engagement in meaningful interaction. Eccles and Gootman ( 2002 ) besides found that through local school community enterprises, kids learn how to research and act upon in the universe environing them. This suggested that School A ‘s after school plans ‘ possessed the power to advance general wellness and health of kids by maintaining them active, therefore supplying distinguishable chances for growing and development. These enterprises besides encouraged parental engagement and continually invited parents to go to. When questioning with Child X as to whether her parents of all time visited, she articulated that her parents and many other parents ne’er got involved as they tended to be ‘busy ‘ . One set of barriers to rear engagement related to logistical restraints of clip, money, conveyance or kid attention. But it has besides been found that because parents in lower-socioeconomic households frequently have fewer old ages of instruction themselves and potentially harbour more negative experiences with schools ( Lareau and Horvat, 1999 ) . An component that School A should so hold considered, was that research has systematically shown that parental engagement in kids ‘s instruction makes a positive difference to pupils ‘ accomplishment. Parental engagement with kids from an early age has been found to compare with better results in footings of cognitive development and societal development more than parental business, instruction or income ( Sylva et al 2004 ) . Therefore, peculiarly for School A, plans and policies designed to advance parental school engagement in deprived communities in the hereafter may turn out effectual in supplying a sense of coaction for the kid. However, being sensitive to each community ‘s alone barriers and resources is besides of import for set uping and keeping effectual coactions between the single kid, their households and schools. In drumhead, the finest developmental surroundings for a kid consists of academic sweetening, infused with chances for physical, cognitive, societal, and emotional growing. The attacks of School A showed that through contemplation of a diverse context, pupils developed a greater understanding into their ain values and beliefs about teaching method. The school helped toward an apprehension that holistic demands of a kid can be met if schools create an ethos and conditions that support positive behavior for acquisition and for successful relationships. In add-on, they must supply an emotionally secure and safe environment and where appropriate, promote parental and community engagement. Traveling frontward, more attending demands to be paid to these non-cognitive results, such as kids ‘s wellbeing. For best pattern as a trainee instructor, the most important facets acquired for my personal development would be to try to promote regard, aid pupils find strengths in each other, dev elop consistence and support pupils to work for their personal best. After all, Every Child Matters. How to cite Vygotskys Social Development Theory Education Essay, Essay examples

Shiba Kōkan Example For Students

Shiba KÃ… kan Biography Outline1 Biography2 Key Ideas in Painting3 Famous paintings made by Shiba KÃ… kan Biography AndÃ…  KichijirÃ… , who is generally known as Shiba KÃ… kan or Kungaku, was a talented Japanese artist who managed to bring a significant number of elements from Western culture to his native land. KichijirÃ…  is traditionally related by the researchers to the activists of the Tokugawa period as he was the first to introduce oil painting, a traditional element for the Western style of art, to Japanese artists. First, KÃ… kan made a decision to study painting at KanÃ…  school, one of the most notable schools of Japanese painting. Here, he learned various unique Chinese techniques and traditional themes and decided to start his career as a woodblock printer, following the instructions of the influential Chinese artists and activists. It is important to mention that this significant person studied so-called Dutch studies and was highly interested in astronomy. Key Ideas in Painting At the very beginning of his career, the painter tended to follow Harunobu’s style; nonetheless, in the long run, he started to work under the influence of Western realistic tendencies and apply more and more elements of shading technique and elements of perspective. By reading a number of Dutch materials, KichijirÃ…  managed to study copperplate engraving and become a master of oil paintings. What is more, Shiba KÃ… kan became the first, who was educated enough to make copperplate print, in this launching the new page in the art history of China and Japan. As a result, the main types of drawings were made as oil paintings, in this way, witnessing a strong influence of popular Western techniques. Some of the artists works are presented with realistic elements that are thoroughly described in a literary work â€Å"Dissertation on Western Painting† written by Shiba KÃ… kan. As well as many of his competitors, the painter liked to depict hulls, different plants, and other natural beauties, creating outstanding innovative artwork. Famous paintings made by Shiba KÃ… kan The most popular artworks made by Shiba KÃ… kan is â€Å"Girls watching the Moon at Shinagawa,† and â€Å"Woman.† In addition, it is necessary to mention â€Å"View on Mimeguri† as it is the first copper print work by the Japanese painter that is beautifully colored. Another popular work is â€Å"A meeting of Japan, China, and the West†, by Shiba KÃ… kan, where the artist describes a meeting of three different people who symbolize three different countries. These people, as well as other ordinary individuals, sit around the table and discuss some current issues. The other popular works include a pair of scrolls that are created in the style of SÃ…  Shiseki and a number of oil paintings. All these works are traditional to the Dutch school, and, in this way, show a great interest of the painter in its traditional elements. Some researchers define the paintings of the artist to be nothing but the unexpected wink as he provides a fresh look at the topics pr esented in the pictures. Thus, paintings by Shiba KÃ… kan set the tone for the whole new era in the history of art in China and Japan and lead it to a completely new era.

The Effects of Internet Addiction free essay sample

The Effects of Internet Addiction As we are living in a digital world, many people spend too much time using the Internet, and it is terrible to see more than 15 percent of people spend more than 11 hours a week using the Internet in different ways. However, do you want to have many health problems or social problems because of the Internet? As you know, being an introvert person, having sleeplessness, and getting sore eyes are the three common effects of Internet addiction. Being an introvert person is one way to affect your life negatively because of the Internet addiction. Many people believe that spending too much time in front of the monitor can separate them from other people, and make them feel introvert, shy, and unsocial person. In addition to that, if the parents spend a lot of time using the Internet, they children will learn to do the same. Consequently, the children will be addictive as same as their parents, and that is really so bad for children and adults too. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Internet Addiction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Having insomnia is yet another reason of Internet addiction. Since people stay many times searching the websites, chatting with their friends, and doing many things online, so they will get used to sleep late every night, which is too bad for their health. For example, if we used to watch online movies at night, especially the horror movies, we would be scared and feel that we do not want to sleep, which is leading to insomnia. Getting eyes inflammation is one more reason of exaggeration to use the Internet. For instance, when you spend more than 11 hours a week looking at the computer screen, your family will tell you that your eyes become reddish. Due to the Internet addiction and its disadvantages at our eyes, most of ophthalmologists say that we have to reduce of exposure our eyes to computer screens. Furthermore, do you want to have ugly eyes because of the Internet? In conclusion, it is clearly noted that being introvert, having lack of sleep at night, and getting eyes problems are enough effects to stop addictive at the Internet, and use it in balance way for significant reasons only.

Do not blame computer for everything!

Do not blame computer for everything! 1 INTRODUCTIONComputers are one thing a person must rely on from time to time in a society like ours. Even a person, who uses computers only for word process and email, must know the standards of general computing, and along with this point, nowadays, some of the people claim that using computers caused lots of ethical and social problems. However, other people argue that those problems were there before the advent of computers, and will still be with us in the future.In this report, the arguments on whether the ethical problems or social problems arising from using computing technology are the result of computing invention or not will be discussed. Firstly, the definition of computer ethics, computer privacy and copyright will be introduced because the main arguments are focused on these three issues. And then, both sides of arguments will be illustrated and evaluated. Finally, the conclusions on this argument will be explained.Computing.co.ukRecommendations will be drawn on the bas ed of conclusions.2 DEFINITIONS2.1 Computer EthicsComputer ethics is the analysis of the nature and social impact of computer technology and the corresponding formulation and justification of policies for the ethical use of such technology. Computer ethics is also a new branch of ethics that is growing and changing rapidly as computer technology also grows and develops. The term "computer ethics" is open to interpretations both broad and narrow. On the one hand, for example, computer ethics might be understood very narrowly as the efforts of professional philosophers to apply traditional ethical theories like utilitarianism, Kantianism, or virtue ethics to issues regarding the use of computer technology. On the other hand, it is possible to construe computer ethics in a very broad way to include, as well, standards of professional practice, codes of conduct, aspects of computer...

Housing segregation by gentrification in US Research Paper

Housing segregation by gentrification in US - Research Paper Example d the gentrification displaced low-income residents and forced them into even worse housing thus, reversing white-flight while having no impact at all, or an even further negative impact on segregated neighborhoods. However, recent research has indicated that this simple explanation of the impacts of gentrification on segregation is inadequate and the impacts of gentrification on segregation are actually more varied. The term segregation, in terms of housing, refers to residential enclaves that are defined by ethnicity and possibly some other socio-economic indicators. Hyper-segregated neighborhoods are residential areas that are defined by multiple indicators of segregation. Massey asserts that five key dimensions indicate residential segregation. The degree to which the percentage of minority members within a residential area diverges from the metropolitan average indicates segregation on the evenness scale. Lack of opportunities for potential contact with non-minority individuals indicates segregation on the exposure scale. The degree to which minority neighbourhoods are adjacent indicates clustering. The degree to which these areas are focused in the urban core indicates centralization while increasing population density indicates concentration. (Massey and Denton, 1993, p 373) Massey and Denton employ these five indicators--evenness, exposure, clustering, centralization and concentration--to measure segregation. They describe high scores in at least four of these categories as hyper-segregation or extreme, multidimensional segregation. They conclude that multidimensional hyper-segregation is evident in at least ten metropolitan areas and affects at least 30% of all urban blacks. Denton and Massey focus on residential segregation alone, they do not directly investigate its inks to economic factors. However, in conclusion, they state that "our results suggest that the extremity of black residential segregation and its unique multidimensional character may

SHOULD ETHANOL BE REQUIRED IN GASOLINE Annotated Bibliography

SHOULD ETHANOL BE REQUIRED IN GASOLINE - Annotated Bibliography Example It analyses various aspects of ethanol usage in vehicles. Even though, this article has not given a specific conclusion, it helps the readers to understand the pros and cons of using encouraging ethanol use in gasoline. It has quoted the opinions of formidable agencies like US Department of Energy to substantiate the arguments. This article Why is there ethanol in gasoline written by Jeremy Korzeniewski in 2009 mostly argues in favor of using ethanol in gasoline. This article analyzed only the consequences of using either 10 or 15% ethanol with gasoline even though the concepts like 85% ethanol use in gasoline are growing popularity at present. This article also analyses various governmental directions on ethanol use in gasoline. The comments received for this article are helpful for the readers to know more about the public perception about the ethanol use in America. 4. Madison, M. & Bruno T. (2011). Does ethanol-blended gasoline truly help your fuel economy? Retrieved from http://www.helium.com/debates/85358-does-ethanol-blended-gasoline-truly-help-your-fuel-economy/side_by_side This article appeared on Helium as written by two people; Maggie Madison & Tony Bruno. It starts with an ongoing poll result of the question Does ethanol-blended gasoline truly help your fuel economy? At the time of writing this annotated bibliography, only 30% of the participants said Yes to the questions whereas 70% said No. This article analyses the advantages and disadvantages of using ethanol in gasoline. This article also tries to answer the question; Is E85 fuel a scam or a solution? It help the readers to clear out many of their myths about ethanol use in gasoline This article was initially appeared in the Chicago Sun-Times on January 27, 2007. It was written by Jerry Taylor and Peter Van Doren. This article mostly argues against the usage of ethanol in gasoline. It tries to discard some of the prominent claims of

Healthcare Information Systems - Hardware and Software Essay - 1

Healthcare Information Systems - Hardware and Software - Essay Example Moreover, patients also have to be physically available at the time of inspection that may be a daunting task for old and weak patients. However, if the disease is diagnosed at the early stages, life of a patient can be saved. Hence, if the same tasks can be performed by incorporating clinical information systems, the quality of curing diseases will improve significantly. Clinical information systems adds value to clinical practices and provide advantages that may also contribute significant factors affecting on a life of a patient. The factors are demonstrated below: Clinical Information Systems provides health care with quality and value Clinical Information Systems eliminates clinical or medical errors Clinical Information Systems eliminates cost associated with health care procedures Clinical Information Systems improves the productivity of administrative staff of hospitals. Clinical Information Systems decreases paperwork and can be accessible via Internet to anywhere on the pla net. Moreover, the cost related to health care is also an emerging problem (Demographics of aging, n.d). For instance, expenditures in the United States will grow to 15.9% for the health care from the GDP of $2.6 trillion by 2010 (Keynote, n.d). The leadership of a global economy has a caterpillar approach, to address the computerized health care systems. Increment is observed over recent years and some steps are taken for the resolution of these issues. Various computerized applications are developed to improving clinical practices in an organization or hospitals. In an organization, computerized clinical practices are vital to handle the clinical procedures on a daily basis in healthcare organizations. These clinical procedures are utilized to promote productivity of an organization equipped with computerized healthcare systems. Moreover, the contribution of a healthcare system is applied, to utilizing resources and modifying activities of the clinical staff by best practice guide lines. Currently, there are complex diagnostic tools for processing medical records, laboratory reports, various forms are available in print form, and there is a requirement of exchanging information between the clinical staff. This is where the role of clinical information systems makes their presence. Electronic Medical/Health Records, Tele consultation and continual medical education are contributing to the healthcare industry. EHR is defined as â€Å"The Electronic Health Record (EHR) is a longitudinal electronic record of patient health information generated by one or more encounters in any care delivery setting. Included in this information are patient demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, vital signs, past medical history, immunizations, laboratory data and radiology reports† (HIMSS - electronic health record (EHR), n.d). The electronic health and medical records maintain health data of a patient to create an individual set of medical data. The data is maintained in an independent set because healthcare provides gain access of EMR from anywhere to diagnose a patient based on the patient’s health information. Moreover, EMR also facilitates to establish a personalized health plan for a patient. Moreover, EMR improves the health planning and policies at the national level by demonstrating the information and services of people or individuals. In addition, EMR system also facilitates clinical procedures, which are mentioned below: Heath insurance companies access EMR

How Does Nutrition Affect Athletic Performance Physical Education Essay

How Does Nutrition Affect Athletic Performance Physical Education Essay Athletes are dedicated to their sport. They exercise daily, train with professionals, lift weights, engage in team practices, and compete against one another. All this commitment is made in an effort to make the human body work more efficiently. Continuous exercise and training, conditions the muscles to work better alongside the bones. For example, baseball pitchers would want to train the muscles in the arm to throw a blazing fast pitch, long distance runners would work to control the respiratory system in order to finish strong at the end of an extensive race, and football players build on agility and muscular endurance sequentially outrunning the opponent. The current generation of athletes has caused competition in sports to reach unprecedented levels. However, the burning question remains, are athletes consuming the right foods to fulfill their activities? Adequate nutrition is an integral aspect to athletic performance. Athletes that demand a higher performance in their respec tive sport and training should have a high nutritional value in relation to their activities. It is critical to maintain a balanced, healthy diet at all times in order to achieve maximum performance. A good diet with adequate nutrition such as vitamins, minerals, protein and water in terms of the proper amounts of calories support activities. Athletes acquire energy from the foods they eat. Food can be further divided into two categories: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients supply an athlete with direct sources of energy for daily life activities and physical exercise. Macronutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats  [1]  . Micronutrients aid in the processes of life, such as digestion and food metabolism. Although they are not able to provide energy, they are essential in generating energy for the human body. Some examples of micronutrients are vitamins and minerals  [2]  . Protein is a macronutrient involved in many chemical processes of life. Proteins are specialized for different organs and species. Proteins are combinations of amino acids that combine in various ways to make muscle, bones, tendons, skin and many other tissues. When proteins are broken down by the body at ingestion, amino acids are formed. There are 20 amino acids which help form human proteins, however only 9 are essential. Meaning 9 out of the 20 proteins are supplied by the food we eat, because the human body is unable to produce them through synthetic processes in the cell. Protein is one of the components in body tissues, necessary for cellular growth and repair, as well as in hormones, enzymes, the immune system, and bodily fluids  [3]  . Athletes need protein primarily to repair and rebuild muscle that is broken down during physical exertion. Working out breaks down muscle fibers and the body has to quickly rebuild those fibers for future performances. Through the process of restoration the body synthesizes proteins. The muscle fibers broken down during training will strengthen over time as adequate amounts of protein are ingested to facilitate the growth process  [4]  . Protein is the last source of energy used when other macronutrients are available. When the body lacks adequate carbohydrates, the body turns to protein as a source of fuel for physical activity. During extreme physical activity, muscle tissue becomes an energy source because there is an insufficient amount of fat and carbohydrates consumed. Therefore it is necessary to maintain an adequate protein intake everyday, to make up for the protein lost in the muscle tissue during an increase in intensity or length of training  [5]  . Research has shown an amino acid known as creatine, can help enhance athletic performance. Derived from other amino acids, glycine, arginine, and methionine, creatine is stored in the skeletal muscle as creatine phosphate. The job of creatine phosphate is to help facilitate the production of energy. With an increased store of creatine phosphate in the body, the ability to produce energy during high intensity training is improved. This is a result of muscles in the body that have the ability to store a greater amount of creatine than what athletes consume from their diet. Athletes can obtain creatine primarily from meat and fish  [6]  . Carbohydrates are the primary fuel for the exercising muscles and are essential for supporting the training and performance of an athlete. They are the major energy source for anaerobic and aerobic activity. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose molecules and stored in our skeletal muscles and liver as glycogen. The amount of glycogen stored affects stamina and endurance. After an athlete is done training, glycogen is released from the liver into the bloodstream to restore the glucose levels in the blood, and glucose is transported to cells for energy  [7]  . If the blood glucose levels are low, athletes may feel irritable, tired, and lack concentration, interfering with their performance. Glycogen stored in the skeletal muscles provides fuel for the exercising muscles during high and low-intensity activities. There are limited carbohydrate reserves in the body and exercising causes the glycogen stores to become depleted very quickly. During exercise, if muscle cells run out of glycogen, the muscles lack energy and fatigue sets in. Performance suffers accordingly, but will vary depending on the sport and its intensity  [8]  . Therefore, daily carbohydrate consumption and training is necessary to maintain glycogen for optimal performance. In order for athletes to obtain enough energy to maximize athletic efforts, carbohydrates also aid in fat metabolism. The presence of carbohydrates is essential in utilizing fat for energy, associating with the old saying, à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"fat must burn in a carbohydrate flameà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ Ã‚  [9]  . Increased fat-burning helps to conserve carbohydrates in the muscle, therefore the stored up amount is used to support athletes in later activities  [10]  . In general, endurance athletes use up more carbohydrates than athletes that use carbohydrates for strength and power. This is because endurance athletes are participating in physical activity over a longer period of time, meaning a grea ter amount of carbohydrates is required by the body to supply it with energy over the duration. On the other hand, athletes involved in strength and power events require fewer amounts of carbohydrates to supply a sudden burst of energy for powerful, but short-lived physical activities  [11]  . Adequate intake of carbohydrates will prevent the body from extracting other macronutrients from their desired jobs to become fuel for activity. Ideal sources of carbohydrates include whole-grain cereal, pasta, brown rice, and brown bread products. As part of a healthy diet, athletes should include at least two carbohydrate-rich foods accompanying each meal, and at least one with every snack  [12]  . Prior to competitions, athletes like to load muscles with glycogen to delay fatigue that occurs during endurance events. A diet that contains highly nutritious carbohydrates, covering 55-65% of total calories, is sufficient enough to provide adequate glycogen storages that will help support the athlete over the duration of their performance  [13]  . Fat is the predominant fuel source during prolonged exercise. The body has an unlimited storage capacity for fat, making it the largest reserve of energy in the body. It is integral for many metabolic processes such as energy production, synthesis of vitamin D, cholesterol, hormones, and transporters of lipid soluble vitamins. Fat can be classified into two categories based on its structure: unsaturated and saturated fats. Unsaturated fats are obtained from plant sources. Advantages of unsaturated fats include lowering cholesterol and reducing the risk of heart disease. Saturated fats on the other hand, come from animal sources and cheese. Saturated fats are not recommended in large consumption to athletes, because an excess of this macronutrient will raise cholesterol and/or lipid levels in the blood which can lead to the development of heart-related diseases  [14]  . However, fats do hold a place in sports nutrition. Fats are less oxygen-rich, and they can release a greater amo unt of energy at a greater speed than other nutrients. This can provide an athlete with a concentrated source of energy. Fat is essential for longer and lower intensity, endurance exercise. Another role that fats play in the human body is insulation. Fats assist in insulating and protecting vital organs and parts of the body  [15]  . Athletes can obtain fat from food sources such as milk, butter, meat and oils  [16]  . Athletes need to keep in mind to carefully monitor the type and the amount of fats they eat. Vitamins are essential micronutrients athletes need to produce energy. Vitamins mostly come from the food we eat, with the exception of vitamin D. Instead of participating in the metabolic processes of nutrients, vitamins help to regulate the reactions in metabolic processes. They are responsible in facilitating energy release and synthesizing bone and tissue. Absence of a vitamin prevents certain metabolic processes from occurring in the cell, which eventually affects the metabolic balance in the body, as a whole  [17]  . Another micronutrient occurs naturally on earth. It is found in the water, soil, and the plants of Earth. This micronutrient is known as the mineral. There are seven key minerals: calcium, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and sulphur. Two minerals that are important for athletes are iron and calcium. Iron is a main component in the blood. It is critical for red blood cell formation, function and myoglobin composition. Iron operates in the blood as an oxygen carrier, a key role in sport performance. If iron levels are low in athletes, they can develop fatigue, poor appetite and an increase in resting pulse rate. This occurs because an insufficient supply of oxygen is distributed to parts of the body. Oxygen combines with glucose to form ATP molecules, the main source of energy for the muscles. The greater amount of ATP stored in the muscles, the more powerful they will be when it performs work. Low iron levels in the blood mean that muscles do not receive enough ox ygen to support exertion. This results in lactic acid being produced and the athlete endures pain and fatigue in the muscles. However, excess amounts of oxygen in the body help athletes to metabolize lactic acid back into useful energy molecules after exercise. This allows the muscles of athletes to recover faster and be able to carry out physical activity again without having to rest for long periods of time. Iron can be obtained from many food sources, such as cereals, red meats, and bread products  [18]  . When athletes want to develop stronger bones, they need to consume calcium in their diets. Calcium is a micronutrient from the popular dairy food group, comprised of milk, yogurt and cheese. Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in our body is stored in the skeletal system, while the remaining one percent is accumulated in the muscle cells  [19]  . When muscles are at work, calcium ions are released to trigger muscle contraction. Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm and then they find their way to attach onto the troponin molecules. Without the attachment of troponin molecules and calcium, the interaction of actin and myosin leading to muscle contraction will not occur. Thus, if muscle contractions are not generated, athletes are unable to perform their activity  [20]  . Low calcium levels in the body are in relation to developing low bone density. This causes the bones of the body to become more fragile and vulnerable to stress fractures, as the limiting amount of calc ium will be used for muscle contraction. Therefore in order for athletes to withstand intense physical activity, an adequate amount of calcium is essential in their meals  [21]  . Finally, athletes need to stay hydrated for optimal performance. The human body consumes energy during physical exercise and creates heat. Bodily temperature would rise drastically causing the body to overheat, if heat was not released. In conjunction with the release of heat, the bodyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s sweat glands discharge fluid to the surface of the skin, where it eventually evaporates. This overall process occurs in an effort to cool the body. However, this leaves the body dehydrated  [22]  . Water comprises 50-60 percent of the weight of human bodies  [23]  . This portion of water in the human body helps to regulate heat and maintain a constant body temperature. Water helps to transport nutrients to cells and extract waste products. Water distributes the heat generated by physical activity throughout the body and enables the body to perspire. Fluids, not just water, are lost when humans perspire, urinate, defecate, and respire. A constant replacement of fluids is necessary for the human body to continue to operate and achieve its optimal performance. Research has shown that when athletes sweat, they lose 1-2% of body weight which is linked to a decrease in blood volume. This process causes the heart to work harder to circulate the blood, resulting in muscle cramps and dizziness  [24]  . Athletes establish proper hydration by drinking the right fluids during physical activity. This means drinking fluids properly throughout the day when thirsty, and especially before an activity begins. In the course of a long competition, where fluid is being lost in sweat, sport drinks are good sources of electrolytes. The sodium levels in the drinks are ideal replacements of sodium secreted in sweat. Low sodium levels can affect concentration. In general it is not advised for athletes to drink sport drinks such as Gatorade, on a regular basis or every time they participate in physical activity. These fluids can interfere with the body absorbi ng the proper nutrients and encourages thirst in the individual  [25]  . The principle that underlies healthy eating and enhancing sports performance is maintaining a balance between food consumption and the amount of energy that is going to be used for work. Since athletes participate often in physical exercise, they will need to absorb more energy in the foods they eat. The following principle is expressed as an energy equation: Energy storage = Energy intake à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Energy output. Energy storage represents the amount of energy left in the body after the amount of energy used is reduced from the amount of energy taken in by the body. If athletes absorb insufficient amounts of energy from food sources, optimal performance will not be achieved. Muscles will weaken without nutrients and negative health effects become a concern for athletes  [26]  . Athletes spend many hours training and undergoing physical activity so the body can excel in sports performances. It is important that athletes keep their bodies nourished in order to supply fuel for athletic endeavours. Athletes need to develop a focus on maintaining proper nutrition, so the hours spent during physical activity and rest are not subjected to waste. Good nutritional habits are necessary to achieve optimal physical performance, however it does not mean that we should categorize foods as good or bad. To maintain a healthy lifestyle, athletes should consume foods from various food groups and make better food choices at the same time. Daily food choices should include macronutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, and fat, micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals, and most importantly fluids, such as water. Athletes are better equipped to meet their maximum athletic potential if the right foods are taken in the right amounts to fuel the body. Great athletic accomplish ments are determined by great nutrition.

Terrorism - Lets Terrorize the Terrorists :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Let's Terrorize the Terrorists The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon-anything of this magnitude forces all thinking people to reflect of the state of the world. Questions like, "how could anyone do this", gradually transform into, "how can we prevent similar events in the future." Security measures will be revised, perhaps immigration laws will be tightened and certainly aircraft procedures will be overhauled. But none of these things address the true cause of the attack. When we look at terrorism we assume motives like religious fundamentalism or revenge for perceived injustices. It's true that these factors are present in most terrorist groups but let's delve a little deeper into the mechanism necessary for long term or widespread campaigns against civilian targets. There are several resources that must be possessed if you want to manage a terrorist group... ? Money - Nothing in this world is free least of all weapons. ? Recruits - In this sort of enterprise casualties are high and for each suicidal attack squad there must be at least three times their number of support staff and backup members. ? A base of operations - To store materials, train troops and administer the organization. So, if I were interested in preventing terrorism and if I had the power, what could be done to undermine these three necessary ingredients? Money Even terrorist have bank managers. When you are dealing with millions of dollars in funding, or billions in the case of Osama bin Laden, you can't just hide it in the mattress. Money leaves traces, both in its acquisition and in its expenditure. But government agencies are prevented from exploring these transactions too closely because of the security measures enforced by the worldwide banking industry. Issues of privacy, liberty and sovereignty all serve to bolster the banks' resolution. I personally believe the banks have a responsibility to protect us from the effects of terrorist funds. If the UN identifies international terrorists, then the banks should freeze any and all funds that can be attributed to each group. National intelligence agencies should have limited rights to investigate financial links through the banks in an effort to track these funds down. It's a question of priority. Is perfect privacy more important than the death and suffering of thousands? Recruits Osama bin Laden is said to have thousands of supporters.